Multiple Sklerose-Therapie so früh wie möglich – Kontra

• Literatur

• 1 Coles AJ, Cox A, Le Page E et al. The window of therapeutic opportunity in multiple sclerosis: evidence from monoclonal antibody therapy. J Neurol 2006; 253: 98-108
• 2 Comi G. Clinically isolated syndrome: the rationale for early treatment. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2008; 4: 234-235
• 3 Tintore M, Rovira A, Rio J et al. Baseline MRI predicts future attacks and disability in clinically isolated syndromes. Neurology 2006; 67: 968-972
• 4 Fisniku LK, Brex PA, Altmann DR et al. Disability and T2 MRI lesions: a 20-year follow-up of patients with relapse onset of multiple sclerosis. Brain 2008; 131: 808-817
• 5 Optic Neuritis Study Group. Multiple sclerosis risk after optic neuritis: final optic neuritis treatment trial follow-up. Arch Neurol 2008; 65: 727-732
• 6 Swanton JK, Fernando K, Miller D. Early prognosis of multiple sclerosis. In: Goodin DS, Hrsg. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders. Oxford: Elsevier; 2014: 371-391
• 7 Confavreux C, Vukusic S, Adeleine P. Early clinical predictors and progression of irreversible disability in multiple sclerosis: an amnesic process. Brain 2003; 126: 770-782
• 8 Confavreux C, Vukusic S. Natural history of multiple sclerosis: a unifying concept. Brain 2006; 129: 606-616
• 9 Bergamaschi R, Montomoli C, Candeloro E et al. Disability and mortality in a cohort of multiple sclerosis patients: a reappraisal. Neuroepidemiology 2005; 25: 15-18
• 10 Kremenchutzky M, Rice GP, Baskerville J et al. The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study 9: observations on the progressive phase of the disease. Brain 2006; 129: 584-594
• 11 Scalfari A, Neuhaus A, Daumer M et al. Onset of secondary progressive phase and long-term evolution of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85: 67-75
• 12 Scalfari A, Neuhaus A, Daumer M et al. Early relapses, onset of progression, and late outcome in multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol 2013; 70: 214-222
• 13 Scalfari A, Neuhaus A, Degenhardt A et al. The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study 10: relapses and long-term disability. Brain 2010; 133: 1914-1929
• 14 Filippini G, Del Giovane C, Vacchi L et al. Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database oSyst Rev 2013; 6 CD008933
• 15 Coles AJ, Fox E, Vladic A et al. Alemtuzumab more effective than interferon beta-1a at 5-year follow-up of CAMMS223 clinical trial. Neurology 2012; 78: 1069-1078
• 16 Cohen JA, Coles AJ, Arnold DL et al. Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a as first-line treatment for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 2012; 380: 1819-1828
• 17 Kappos L, Polman CH, Freedman MS et al. Treatment with interferon beta-1b delays conversion to clinically definite and McDonald MS in patients with clinically isolated syndromes. Neurology 2006; 67: 1242-1249
• 18 Kappos L, Freedman MS, Polman CH et al. Long-term effect of early treatment with interferon beta-1b after a first clinical event suggestive of multiple sclerosis: 5-year active treatment extension of the phase 3 BENEFIT trial. The Lancet Neurology 2009; 8: 987-997
• 19 Edan G, Kappos L, Montalban X et al. Long-term impact of interferon beta-1b in patients with CIS: 8-year follow-up of BENEFIT. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013;
• 20 Jacobs LD, Beck RW, Simon JH et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a therapy initiated during a first demyelinating event in multiple sclerosis. CHAMPS Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 898-904
• 21 Kinkel RP, Kollman C, O’Connor P et al. IM interferon beta-1a delays definite multiple sclerosis 5 years after a first demyelinating event. Neurology 2006; 66: 678-684
• 22 Kinkel RP, Dontchev M, Kollman C et al. Association between immediate initiation of intramuscular interferon beta-1a at the time of a clinically isolated syndrome and long-term outcomes: a 10-year follow-up of the Controlled High-Risk Avonex Multiple Sclerosis Prevention Study in Ongoing Neurological Surveillance. Arch Neurol 2012; 69: 183-190
• 23 Comi G, Filippi M, Barkhof F et al. Effect of early interferon treatment on conversion to definite multiple sclerosis: a randomised study. Lancet 2001; 357: 1576-1582
• 24 OWIMS Study Group. Evidence of interferon beta-1a dose response in relapsing-remitting MS: the OWIMS Study. The Once Weekly Interferon for MS Study Group. Neurology 1999; 53: 679-686
• 25 Comi G, De Stefano N, Freedman MS et al. Comparison of two dosing frequencies of subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in patients with a first clinical demyelinating event suggestive of multiple sclerosis (REFLEX): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2012; 11: 33-41
• 26 Freedman MS, De Stefano N, Barkhof F et al. Patient subgroup analyses of the treatment effect of subcutaneous interferon beta-1a on development of multiple sclerosis in the randomized controlled REFLEX study. J Neurol 2014; 261: 490-499
• 27 Comi G, Martinelli V, Rodegher M et al. Effect of glatiramer acetate on conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (PreCISe study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2009; 374: 1503-1511
• 28 Comi G, Martinelli V, Rodegher M et al. Effects of early treatment with glatiramer acetate in patients with clinically isolated syndrome. Mult Scler 2013; 19: 1074-1083
• 29 Goodin DS, Reder AT, Ebers GC et al. Survival in MS: a randomized cohort study 21 years after the start of the pivotal IFNbeta-1b trial. Neurology 2012; 78: 1315-1322
• 30 Trojano M, Pellegrini F, Fuiani A et al. New natural history of interferon-beta-treated relapsing multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2007; 61: 300-306
• 31 Conway DS, Miller DM, O’Brien RG et al. Long-term benefit of multiple sclerosis treatment: an investigation using a novel data collection technique. Mult Scler 2012; 18: 1617-1624
• 32 Shirani A, Zhao Y, Karim ME et al. Association between use of interferon beta and progression of disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. JAMA 2012; 308: 247-256
• 33 Tedeholm H, Lycke J, Skoog B et al. Time to secondary progression in patients with multiple sclerosis who were treated with first generation immunomodulating drugs. Mult Scler 2013; 19: 765-774
• 34 De Stefano N, Narayanan S, Francis GS et al. Evidence of axonal damage in the early stages of multiple sclerosis and its relevance to disability. Arch Neurol 2001; 58: 65-70
• 35 DeLuca GC, Williams K, Evangelou N et al. The contribution of demyelination to axonal loss in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2006; 129: 1507-1516
• 36 Kuhlmann T, Lingfeld G, Bitsch A et al. Acute axonal damage in multiple sclerosis is most extensive in early disease stages and decreases over time. Brain 2002; 125: 2202-2212
• 37 Trapp BD, Nave KA. Multiple sclerosis: an immune or neurodegenerative disorder?. Annu Revi Neurosci 2008; 31: 247-269
• 38 Bermel RA, You X, Foulds P et al. Predictors of long-term outcome in multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferon beta. Ann Neurol 2013; 73: 95-103
• 39 Hawton A, Shearer J, Goodwin E et al. Squinting through layers of fog: assessing the cost effectiveness of treatments for multiple sclerosis. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 2013; 11: 331-341
• 40 Fredrikson S, McLeod E, Henry N et al. A cost-effectiveness analysis of subcutaneous interferon beta-1a 44mcg 3-times a week vs no treatment for patients with clinically isolated syndrome in Sweden. J Med Econ 2013; 16: 756-762
• 41 Noyes K, Bajorska A, Chappel A et al. Cost-effectiveness of disease-modifying therapy for multiple sclerosis: a population-based study. Neurology 2011; 77: 355-363